A Comprehensive Survey of HVDC Protection System: Fault Analysis, Methodology, Issues, Challenges, and Future Perspective

The extensive application of power transfer through high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission links in smart grid scenarios is due to many factors such as high-power efficiency, decoupled interconnection, control AC networks, reliable and flexible operation, integration large wind photovoltaic (PV)-based off-shore on-shore farms, cost-effectiveness, etc. However, it vital focus on other aspects like control, protection, coordinated management acquire the above benefits make them feasible real-time applications. HVDC protection needed further innovative devoted research because system more vulnerable faults changes operational conditions comparison adverse effects low DC-side impedances sensitive semi-conductor-based integrated electronics devices. This paper provides a comprehensive review techniques proposed last three decades for analyzing advantages disadvantages each method. also examines critical findings assesses future prospects development particularly from perspective smart-grid-based systems. bridging gap between existing schemes topology addressing associated challenges issues. aim inform engineers researchers about potential avenues tackle